Monthly Archives: August 2015

Viral Forensics: Another OMSJ Scam Venture – Part I

When I decided to deconstruct Viral Forensics, the latest fraud being perpetrated on the general public by AIDS Denialists Clark Baker and David Rasnick, the hardest part was deciding where to start. Their website offers up a plethora of lies that beg to be corrected. I decided to start with the name:

Viral Forensics; A Private Investigation Agency.

The first part, Viral, is self explanatory. The “service” claims to use Electron Microscopy as a tool to scan whole blood to look for a myriad of different viruses, although it is really just a new, clever way to perpetuate their AIDS Denialist agenda. The second part, Forensics, was puzzling. No where on the website will you find any mention of “solving crimes”, “courts of law” or anything having to do with the legal justice system. Nor does the site say how this “service” could be used in any type of “investigation” whatsoever, despite the fact that the words “Private Investigation Agency” make up 60% of the name. The word “Forensics” in the name of the company is just a clever way to try and avoid California Business and Professions Code Section 1241(b):

1241.  (a) This chapter applies to all clinical laboratories in
California or receiving biological specimens originating in California for the 
purpose of performing a clinical laboratory test or examination, and to all persons
performing clinical laboratory tests or examinations or engaging in clinical 
laboratory practice in California or on biological specimens originating in California,
except as provided in subdivision (b).
   (b) This chapter shall not apply to any of the following clinical
laboratories, or to persons performing clinical laboratory tests or
examinations in any of the following clinical laboratories:
   (1) Those owned and operated by the United States of America, or
any department, agency, or official thereof acting in his or her
official capacity to the extent that the Secretary of the federal
Department of Health and Human Services has modified the application
of CLIA requirements to those laboratories.
   (2) Public health laboratories, as defined in Section 1206.
   (3) Those that perform clinical laboratory tests or examinations
for forensic purposes only.
   (4) Those that perform clinical laboratory tests or examinations
for research and teaching purposes only and do not report or use
patient-specific results for the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment
of any disease or impairment of, or for the assessment of the health
of, an individual.
   (5) Those that perform clinical laboratory tests or examinations
certified by the National Institutes on Drug Abuse only for those
certified tests or examinations. However, all other clinical
laboratory tests or examinations conducted by the laboratory are
subject to this chapter.

In other words, Baker and Rasnick are breaking the law trying to avoid the law via strict regulations such as CLIA (Clinical Laboratory Amendments) and CAP (College of American Pathologists) that apply to other labs handling human blood products containing potentially infectious agents. Once again Clark Baker believes that he is above the law. And he is not shy about stating it:

“Because we are not a diagnostic laboratory, Viral Forensics is not subject to the limitations set by the College of American Pathologists (CAP)…”

When they state right on their website that “we are not a diagnostic laboratory…” they are outright lying!

“Has a clinician told you that you are infected with HIV, HPV, Hepatitis C, or other infectious disease?  How certain are you that the diagnosis (bolding mine) was accurate?”

“TEM is the ONLY reliable way to establish whether HIV or other pathogens are present in your blood.”

“Few doctors are aware of these cross-reactions and even fewer rule them out when ordering ELISA, Western Blot, or PCR tests to “diagnose”  (bolding mine) patients.  Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is the only technology available to visually confirm the presence or absence of pathogens in human blood.   If you have questions about your blood test results, contact Viral Forensics for an optical examination of your blood samples.”

All of those examples prove that their “service” is strictly meant to diagnose…or, in their minds, “correct” a false diagnosis. And when a laboratory blatantly says that they already know the outcome of their tests, you really should see that as a huge red flag that their “services” are not objective. And objectivity is a hallmark of a credible, reliable laboratory.

And their Disclaimer should be another huge, red flag to anyone thinking about utilizing this “service”. The disclaimer proves the hypocrisy and outright bullshit of this joke-of-a-service. At the disclaimer you will find that they bend over backwards to protect themselves from the obvious lies they state as fact on the rest of their website. Their disclaimer is truly a melange of contradictions to behold as well as lifting directly from B&P Code Section 1241(b):

“The medical information on this site and linked websites are provided as an information resource only, and is not to be used or relied on for any diagnostic or treatment purposes. This information is not intended to be patient education, does not create any patient-physician relationship, and should not be used as a substitute for professional diagnosis and treatment.

Please consult your health care provider before making any healthcare decisions or for guidance about a specific medical condition.  Viral Forensics LLC expressly disclaims responsibility, and shall have no liability, for any damages, loss, injury, or liability whatsoever suffered as a result of your reliance on the information contained in this site. Viral Forensics LLC does not endorse specifically any test, treatment, or procedure mentioned on the site.

By visiting this site you agree to the foregoing terms and conditions, which may from time to time be changed or supplemented by Viral Forensics LLC.  If you do not agree to the foregoing terms and conditions, you should not enter this site.”

There are way too many lies and blatant bullshit to devote to one post. My next posts will deal with:

Part II: Viral Forensics’ “white paper”. A white paper is written in the style of a peer reviewed science paper. In actuality, it is nothing more than a marketing ploy. This will be quite delicious to deconstruct.

Part III: Why EM is not an appropriate application for HIV. And don’t be fooled, HIV is really the only virus that Viral Forensics is concerned with.

Part IV: The criminal cases using Electron Microscopy in the defense of HIV+ persons charged with reckless endangerment. These were cases supported by the HIV Innocence Group that has been defunct for 18 months thanks to my meticulous documentation of the lies of said group on this very website. (And why I was sued by Clark Baker in a Texas Federal Court. BTW, I won the case. Oh, yeah, and I won the appeal. And it cost Mr. Baker at least $150K.)

Celia Farber & James Murtagh: The Irony of Common Ground

Celia Farber recently wrote an incredibly moving and poignant essay about the traumas of her childhood that manifested in decades-long deep depression and sleepless nights. If you have not read it, I highly recommend it. Ms. Farber courageously details just how depression and sleeplessness ruined her life for years.

I am not writing this post to discuss the specifics of Ms. Farber’s ordeal, but rather to discuss the vehicles of her salvation: Dr. Brooks and ketamine. Ms. Farber does not specifically say so, but Dr. Brooks must be a sleep specialist. This is ironic because Dr. James Murtagh is also a sleep specialist (as well as Pulmonary Specialist) who sometimes uses ketamine in his sleep practice. Back in 2011 Dr. Murtagh was the director of three sleep labs in Cincinnati until Clark Baker reignited his harassment.

Ms. Farber and Dr. Murtagh have a somewhat confrontational past, to say the least. However, after reading this essay and the horrible ordeal she went through, I wonder how she would feel about Clark Baker’s incessant harassment of Dr. Murtagh’s employment over the past ten years if she knew that Dr. Murtagh could be the vehicle to others’ salvation. I wonder how many people have suffered much the same horrible ordeal as Ms. Farber and have been denied the salvation she received as a direct result of Clark Baker’s harassment. And if Ms. Farber were made aware of this, would she appeal to her friend Clark Baker to finally end his childish behavior and let Dr. Murtagh treat other people like Ms. Farber?

I have often said that those of us engaged in the “debate” regarding the validity of the science of HIV probably have more in common than we would like to acknowledge. This truth was never more evident than by the fact that Jonathan Barnett and I, once long-time bitter rivals, acknowledged our similarities and buried the proverbial hatchet. We have since engaged in many civil discussions about our differences and have even met in person and had a nice lunch.

Now through Ms. Farber’s candid essay we can see that a person she considers to be a bitter rival could have actually helped her many years ago. And now that this truth is being acknowledged publicly on this blog, it would be a nice, humane gesture if Ms. Farber would contact Mr. Baker and ask him to let bygones be bygones and stop his harassment of a man who has the potential to help many people just like her.

Perhaps we can all take a minute to think about the humanity of our rivals before lashing out. Perhaps we can start a new social medium to engage with one another in a thoughtful, rational manner instead of name-calling in a vacuum.

David Crowe is Pimping for Viral Forensics

On August 6th David Crowe started a thread at the ReThinking AIDS facebook page to survey his readers. Mr. Crowe was on a fishing expedition to find out how much money people would pay to have their blood scanned by an Electron Microscope:

Serious question. If you could get a series of electron microscope photos of your blood, with appropriate controls, probably showing you had no virus in your blood, would you pay $1000 plus or minus $500 for the set plus a report? Reply here or privately.

The question by itself is interesting for several reasons:

First, I wonder why Crowe is being so cagey and not coming right out and telling his readers this is for the new Baker/Rasnick joint, Viral Forensics. And why is Crowe limiting his discussion to HIV when Viral Forensics claims to be able to find ANY and ALL virus in blood.

The second thing that comes to mind is why are Baker and Rasnick using Crowe to find out how much to charge for their service? I would think that before they launched their slick website they would have a fully completed and comprehensive business plan. They should have performed their due diligence and should know precisely what their goods and services are worth in the marketplace. The truth is, what they are selling is just another one of Baker’s grifts or scams. Their service is completely useless in the marketplace. I will write more about that later.

Lastly, and most tellingly, Crowe admits this service is rubbish. He writes: “…probably showing you had no virus in your blood…”  Those 9 words prove there is no objectivity in the tests performed at Viral Forensics. Well, those words and the “white paper” found on their website as well as every other tab at the Viral Forensics website, but I will discuss all this in detail in the next week or so.

The responses by the readers of RA are the most interesting. (I will copy/paste the full thread at the bottom.) Most of them are dead set against any testing, EM or otherwise, because for so many years they have been fed the notion that HIV is not real because it has never been properly isolated or purified. And because of this lack of proper isolation, there is no test adequate. And this falsity has been fed to them for 30 years by the very people who are now telling them: “Forget all that; we’ve changed our minds; follow us off this new cliff, but first give us $1,500! I swear this is for real! This is the Gold Standard!”

But David Crowe, being the Persistent Pimp that he is, digs in and tries to sway the minions:

David Crowe This has been used in court before and is compelling evidence that a high viral load does not mean a lot of virus. I’d like people to think about this seriously. And, for people who think that finding nothing means nothing, it is possible to have a control sample using laboratory particles of the right size. If those can be detected it proves that HIV would also be detected if present.
David Crowe If there is a control sample showing particles, and a real sample not showing particles, why would you need multiple samples taken over a period of time?
David Crowe Peter Capainolo, the experience so far is that particles of the HIV size and shape cannot be detected in fresh blood, but can be detected when blood is spiked with particles of the expected size and shape, meaning that the techniques are not missing them.
David Crowe Richard Jannaccio the spiked particles are spiked in particles per unit volume. And viral load is also an estimate of particles per ml.
David Crowe Ted Stearn, proving that the particles are HIV is not important … if no such particles are found. If particles were found (which we don’t believe is ever the case in fresh blood, as opposed to cell culture) then the question is … what are they?

What is truly hilarious to me is seeing just how wildly off topic the comments became. They were discussing anal sex and lubes versus vaginal sex; Darwin and evolution; the words pee-pee, poo-poo and vomit are included…why? I can’t answer that; and of course, Cal Crilly Silly Willy showed up to include the “fact” that no one knows what is in human blood. And all the while our Persistent Pimp was futilely trying to keep the discussion on topic.

BTW, only one person said they would pay for this “service”.

As I wrote above, I will be writing a comprehensive post about why Viral Forensics is a scam and a fraud in the next week or so. But for now, enjoy the entertaining thread on the subject courtesy of ReThinking AIDS facebook.

Serious question. If you could get a series of electron microscope photos of your blood, with appropriate controls, probably showing you had no virus in your blood, would you pay $1000 plus or minus $500 for the set plus a report? Reply here or privately.

  • Mário Évora $1000?! 🙉🙊🙈
  • Richard Jannaccio I wouldn’t pay more than zero cents because such electron micrographs alone would conclusively prove zero.
  • David Etheredge I agree that it would prove nothing except that the virus was not present in that sample. It is highly likely, considering the difficulty that they have in producing electron micrographs of the virus. that it would even show up in 1 out of 1000 attempts. A better test would be to take the blood and apply it to a culture of CD-4 cells and see if they become infected.
  • Beldeu Singh Pls check out my new publication on ResearchGate on glycoproteins including p24.
  • Nilo De Roock Is that a freely accessible publication Beldeu Singh? If so, then provide a link.
  • Nikki Keersemaker yes!! It would be worth it to have a definitive result…even to check for a full spectrum of pathogens.I also wish the SNP chip DNA workup would become affordable to all…already widely used to check Equines why not humans?
  • Beldeu Singh Nilo, it’s on my Facebook. One more paper coming up within the week.
  • Eduardo Mateo Interesting… How would it help those who already don’t believe in the virus? More peace of mind? Legally? Would it override the other “tests”?
  • George C. O’Connor I would first have to be shown the indisputable dynamics by which this ever-mutating virus caused a pathological deficiency in my “immune system”. No one knows how many biologically inactive viruses have “infected” their CD4 cells with no ill effects.
    Once it was finally demonstrated how “HIV infection = CD4 rapid depletion” or “future rapid CD4 depletion” I would happily talk high prices to determine its presence.

    *However*, although this may seem counterintuitive to many if not most, I would not then, if found to be indisputably “infected with a ‘Human Immunodeficiency Virus'” decide upon which anti-retroviral combination would best suit me. That’s inviting disaster. A continuum of toxic chemicals? That’s not even done with anti-neoplastic chemotherapy with cancer! It’s not done with antibiotics used for a multiplicity of bacterial infections!

    But today we’re so goddamn stupid, crazy and, quite likely true for some, murderous that little trouble is found with “PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis”) and that little trouble that is voiced is from those whose concern is that “safe sex” might be abandonned because of “overconfidence” with it and a rise in the “rate of infection with ‘HIV’ would be the result.

  • Peter Capainolo Use sera from hundreds of critters across taxa. I hypothesize that particles would be found that could be deemed “HIV”.
  • David Crowe This has been used in court before and is compelling evidence that a high viral load does not mean a lot of virus. I’d like people to think about this seriously. And, for people who think that finding nothing means nothing, it is possible to have a control sample using laboratory particles of the right size. If those can be detected it proves that HIV would also be detected if present.
  • Beldeu Singh David, they use PCR for measuring viral loads but the developer of this technology has clarified that it cannot be used to quantify viral loads. And, yes, researchers with integrity in science use the terminology HIV virus particles.
  • Jim Clayson If I was diagnosed hiv+ and you took out the ‘probably’ disclaimer, yes… definitely. I might even agree, with the disclaimer… depends on my finances at the time.
  • David Crowe Peter Capainolo, could you elaborate on your hypothesis, I’m not sure I understand.
  • Yvonne Bonde I think it takes many samples taken at different times over years to make a point. I don’t have 15k
  • David Crowe If there is a control sample showing particles, and a real sample not showing particles, why would you need multiple samples taken over a period of time?
  • Les Bell David, I would pay it, however the UK Courts refuse to acknowledge the validity of E.M. test results.
  • Peter Capainolo I mean simply that particles are present in the blood of all vertebrates at various levels and at various times. They are not “HIV” but some are likely close enough in their morphology to the “established” identification of “the probable cause of AIDS”. I suggest that this might skew results.
  • Yvonne Bonde Les Bell they don’t? Is there a link to the case?
  • Jesus Alvarez Peter Capainolo, all vertebrates have endogenous retroviruses, but none of them are very similar to the lentiviruses. In EM, the lentiviruses have a cone shaped core in the mature particles. Immature lentiviral particles look like all other retroviruses. Serology, or sequencing the genomes (or a part of them) in the particles is the way to determine exactly what they are.
  • David Crowe Peter Capainolo, the experience so far is that particles of the HIV size and shape cannot be detected in fresh blood, but can be detected when blood is spiked with particles of the expected size and shape, meaning that the techniques are not missing them.
  • David Crowe Les Bell, I’d also be very interested in info on the UK courts. Is this an absolute prohibition? One case? The background is very important.
  • Richard Jannaccio David Crowe, to equalize the probability of finding the alleged HIV, you would have to have the same concentration of particles in the control as the “HIV”– and how would you measure the concentration of a virus that you can’t even find to verify its existence? The particles should also have properties that convey similar visibility under the EM. Second, asGeorge C. O’Connor stated, you’d have to show that this “HIV” lived up to its name and really does cause Human Immunodeficiency. Third, all of the dynamics would be different if HIV was shown to be endogenous and/or non-transmissible. So you’d also have to prove that the HIV was exogenous and transmissible.
    I think the price tag just soared.
  • Eduardo Mateo Vitamin C “can suppress the symptoms of the disease and can markedly reduce the tendency for secondary infections”. What the hell is the “disease”? AIDS? Then what are the secondary infections? Crazy. AIDS is not a disease. “HIV infection” is not a disease either. WTF. There seems to be an obsession out there with disease and cures. The healthiest people I have known never took anything at all.
  • David Crowe Richard Jannaccio the spiked particles are spiked in particles per unit volume. And viral load is also an estimate of particles per ml.
  • George C. O’Connor Constantine Makaveli Maniatis, Given your description of the results of infection with “HIV” and such a low, if not incidental frequency of transmission the designation, “Human Immunodeficiency Virus” is entirely unwarranted and for it to be thought the pivotal causal in a “worldwide epidemic (“pandemic?”) of immuno-compromise” resulting in such an extraordinarily wide and diverse number of diseases makes it more absurd.
    It’s as if one said, “immunodeficiency from a variety of causes is a necessary condition for HIV to cause this pathological state known as “Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, the acronym for which is ‘A.I.D.S.’.”
    Jesus Alvarez, I have no idea what you are trying to say about the morphology of lentiviruses especially since all retroviruses are lentiviruses (slow viruses — Latin, “lentis” for “slow” + “virus”). It just lacks all definition.
  • Richard Jannaccio Viral load is not an estimate of particles in blood, which is what the original post says will be examined by EM.
  • Peter Capainolo 1.”Immature lentiviral particles look like all other retroviruses” seems like a major problem to me. 2. I have my doubts about sequencing genomes. Lots of manipulation involved with primers etc.
  • Eduardo Mateo I wonder why is insertive penile vaginal intercourse 4 and insertive anal is 11??? Must be because asses are tighter? haha.. Throwing semen? I never heard of that sexual practice.
  • Peter Capainolo “HIV virus” lest we forget.
  • Eduardo Mateo They sure have come a long way, from a mere guess that the “virus”was sexually transmitted to such an exact level of transmission by various sexual procedures. Ha! I wonder when for the first time it was “proved” that it was sexually transmitted, but why do they not call it an STI?
  • Eduardo Mateo Or the sexual transmission aspect of it is like Karri Mullis looking for the paper that proves that HIV causes AIDS…. right? Nobody wants that credit on their shoulders. It’s all such a mystery…. everybody knows everything but nobody knows who proved that.. like a rumor or a gossip gone viral…
  • Peter Capainolo “Gone viral” haaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
  • Eduardo Mateo And Constantine, I was asking about insertive, not receptive….
  • Peter Capainolo Yes, everyone became a fucking expert overnight. High School guidance counselors, coaches etc. Just change the sign on the door.
  • Peter Capainolo Ummmm no, then you would need a tear on the pecker no?
  • Eduardo Mateo So.. Constantine Makaveli Maniatis.. You do believe in all this science that many of us call garbage ?
  • Peter Capainolo Of course Eduardo Mateo. Science must have determined that insertive and receptive are the same thing.
  • Eduardo Mateo So if I penetrate the same woman anally I have four timesmore chances to get the virus because it only has one layer? What about all the fluids from the vagina? I suppose it is a lot easier to accept and find explanations for everything we are told as opposed to questioning anything.
  • Eduardo Mateo Or perhaps the lubricating fluids in the vagina can’t carry the virus. Just like saliva, yet there’s the oral swab tests. We’re just supposed to believe all the nonsense they throw our way ! Most likely these statistics from the CDC are based on answers to surveys lol. Science.
  • Peter Capainolo Fluids, fluids and more fluids!
  • George C. O’Connor Constantine Makaveli Maniatis, The unanswered question remains: How did a *biologically inactive* retrovirus whose existence remains to be established, abruptly begin to infect males anally and in such impossibly large titres? We only know “it” by the antibody test which is so unreliable it can’t be trusted to measure anything.
  • Peter Capainolo How about tears, pee pee and poo poo itself? Don’t forget sweat. What about pre-ejaculate? Is vomit involved? Haaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
  • Peter Capainolo The hypothesis of Evolution answers all of that George C. O’Connorr. Chance mutation and natural selection of course. And a lot of mathematical improbability. It just “is”.
  • Peter Capainolo Long live the Messiah Charles Darwin.
  • Peter Capainolo It’s a fucking religion.
  • Les Bell Yvonne Bonde and David Crowe the NHS refuse to carry out EM tests so any “specialist Consultant” would testify that the use of such would be futile for use as evidence of presence/absence. All part of the Orthodox view which will also be carried by the Judge – they are unlikely to do anything but take a fellow professional at their word. Sadly. To date, I don’t believe anybody has challenged any of the flaws in the testing procedure/test kit disclaimers in a UK Court. All cases to date have been lost by the prosecution on a legal technicality only. OMSJ were paused to fight in a UK Court on behalf of a chap called Henry using all of their evidence & knowledge but unfortunately he died due to the stress of it all.
  • Ted Stearn I wonder how anyone would or would not know that the particles are HIV. I guess I don’t know enough about it. I thought that was never established, visually.
  • George C. O’Connor It never was, Ted. But hell knows what is used in “HIV studies” for specific isolates every time we hear of “a leap in progress” fed to the media to justify “further studies in this area are promising for possible newer, more effective drugs and possible vaccines in the fight to control or even cure ‘HIV/AIDS’!” (Always note the *spelling*, “HIV/AIDS”, it was intended to be *spelled* [?] that way for conceptual confusion.)
    Need I really point out why “HIV/AIDS news” is put before the public as if “HIV” could be retrieved and counted as though it were a little bug you could see under a 1600x, $500, $600 student-hobbyist microscope?
  • David Crowe Ted Stearn, proving that the particles are HIV is not important … if no such particles are found. If particles were found (which we don’t believe is ever the case in fresh blood, as opposed to cell culture) then the question is … what are they?
  • Les Bell Following on from this post, I have just formally requested an Electron Microscope test by the UK NHS. (5th request now) Previous requests were refused by the clinic giving the reason “We just never have a need for it but as you have an undetectable viral load, it would be pointless anyway” (I was on meds then but not now) Reading between the lines that tells me they know it would read negative. Anyway, I have resent the demand to the NHS’ Solicitor as all communication from me now is answered by their lawyers. On a separate note, the NHS & their lawyers were unable to find or supply me with a test kit disclaimer when I formally requested it – even keeping me waiting 9 months to then say “we don’t have any”. The bastards know exactly what we know!

Clark Baker Is Getting a Harsh Karmic Lesson. But Will He Ever Learn?

We have all heard the old sayings:

  • What goes around, comes around.
  • You reap what you sow.
  • Karma is a bitch.

No matter how it is stated, all these sayings amount to the same lesson: A person will eventually face the consequences of their own actions. 

This is now happening to Clark Baker in spades thanks to his fakeruptcy filing.

Remember 6 years ago, in 2009, when Clark Baker tried to bully and intimidate me by calling my elderly mother on the telephone? Mr. Baker told my mother some some crazy, bullshit story that he was going to sue me and would take away her house because she was partially responsible for my actions since I lived with her at the time.

When Clark Baker threatened my elderly mother his story was complete bullshit. But now that exact scenario could very well lead to Baker’s wife, Carol Dunn, being evicted from her home.

Now that Clark Baker has filed for bankruptcy, he has literally opened a Pandora’s Box that will have far reaching and severely detrimental consequences not only for Clark Baker, but also for many people who have ever associated with him. Dr. Murtagh has an amazing legal team that has refused to acquiesce to Baker’s legal circus. They are preparing to launch a legal shit-storm that will encompass many different players. I have no doubt that the reality with-whom these players have climbed into bed with will smack them upside the head and many people will have no option but to save themselves.

One of the first steps in a bankruptcy proceeding is a 341 Hearing. That hearing has many components. One of the major components allows all of Baker’s creditors to begin a fact finding mission. That meeting took place on August 5th. Dr. Murtagh’s attorneys chose not to attend the meeting, but they did not release their rights. They have prepared a plethora of questions that Baker must answer and supply documents to prove his answers. Dr. Murtagh’s legal team is also preparing a multi-pronged document that will include OMSJ, Viral Forensics and anyone who has ever been associated with Clark Baker. This legal team is doubling down on their already aggressive strategy to make Mr. Baker legally face up to his illegal behavior over the past decade.

Clark Baker thought he was being clever by filing bankruptcy to halt all proceedings and buy him some time. But what Baker actually did was provide a legal avenue that could very well lead to indictments, divorce and could land Clark Baker and some of his cohorts in adjoining jail cells.